Unmasking subtle and concealed aspects of parent involvement: perspectives from African-American parents in the urban south

<p>Focus group findings from 34 African American parents in an urban southern school district unmask subtle and concealed aspects of involvement. In contrast to formalized school-sponsored parent activities, involvement is described by participants as their encompassing a physical presence at the school to monitor their children's behavior, receiving timely communication from teachers, helping with homework, and being an advocate for their children.</p>